Malnutrition in Older Adults: How to Recognize & Treat It

Malnutrition is a topic that is widely misunderstood, and here in the USA, it is a growing concern among older adults.  The problem is that because it is misunderstood, it often goes unnoticed until significant health issues arise. As a dietitian, I see firsthand how crucial proper nutrition is for maintaining health and quality of life in our senior population. Malnutrition can have severe consequences, but understanding its signs, causes, and prevention strategies can help manage and mitigate its impact.

Malnutrition occurs when a person’s diet does not provide adequate nutrients, leading to deficiencies or imbalances that affect health. While many people think of malnutrition as simply not having enough food, it is important to note that it can be both undernutrition (not enough calories or protein) or overnutrition (excessive calories without essential nutrients ), both of which pose serious health risks.

Malnutrition signs can often be missed as they are often passed off as just part of the normal aging process. Malnutrition can present in various ways. Some of the main things to watch for are: unintended weight loss, fatigue, poor wound healing, muscle loss, and frequent infections. 

Why are older adults at greater risk of malnutrition than younger adults? There are multiple things which contribute. 

1. Reduced appetite:  As we age, we tend to have less lean body mass and move around less often than our younger selves, leading to feeling less hungry.  When we eat less it makes it more difficult to meet our daily requirements of things like protein and fiber.  Chronic conditions, medications, and dental problems can further exacerbate these issues.

2. Mental Health Concerns:  Loneliness, financial constraints, and lack of access to nutritious food can impact dietary choices. Seniors living alone or with limited mobility might find it challenging to prepare balanced meals. Many seniors feel they do not need to cook full meals if it is just for themselves.  

3. Digestive Changes: As we age we tend to have more issues with digestion. This can be due to medications, lack of physical activity, or lack of consuming sufficient fiber.   This leads to issues like constipation or malabsorption, which impact overall nutritional status.

If I believe I or someone I love is showing signs of malnutrition, what can I do?

1. Work towards a balanced diet:  Too often as a dietitian I see my senior clients get into habits of eating the same few foods every day.  Ensuring a diet rich in essential nutrients, including protein, vitamins, and minerals, is vital. Emphasize whole foods like fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains. If you have chewing or swallowing issues, a dietitian can help to come up with a meal plan that works for your needs.  

2. Regular Monitoring:  Like anytime we make lifestyle changes, keeping tabs on progress helps us stay on track and move forward.  Having a physician you trust who can complete routine screenings for nutritional status can help. Monitoring weight, dietary intake, and biochemical markers provides valuable insights.

4. Address their social and emotional health:  Depression can lead to issues in many ways.  Depression tends to lower stomach acid, leading to digestive issues. It tends to lead to less motivation to make healthy meals, and it can lead to a lack of appetite.  Encouraging community resources, meal delivery services, or social engagement can help overcome barriers to accessing nutritious food. 

Malnutrition in older adults is a complex issue that requires attention and ongoing monitoring.  By recognizing the risk factors and symptoms and by implementing preventive and management strategies, we can significantly enhance the health and well-being of our senior population, keeping them as healthy and independent as long as possible. If you are looking for consultation to prevent malnutrition or any other dietary concerns, check out how our Dietary Services can help.